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Habilitation (from Latin ''habilis'' "fit, proper, skillful") is the highest academic qualification a scholar can achieve by his or her own pursuit in many countries in Europe, Central Asia, Egypt and the Caucasus. Earned usually after obtaining a research doctorate, such as a PhD, habilitation requires that the candidate write a professorial thesis (or habilitation thesis) based on independent scholarship, reviewed by and defended before an academic committee in a process similar to that of the doctoral dissertation. However, the level of scholarship has to be considerably higher than that required for a research doctoral (PhD) thesis in terms of quality and quantity, and must be accomplished independently, in contrast with a PhD dissertation typically directed or guided by a faculty supervisor.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=PhD and Postdoc )〕 In the sciences, publication of numerous (frequently ten or more)〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.med.muni.cz/dokumenty/html/guide_habilitation_and_prof_procedures.html )〕 research articles is required during the habilitation period of about four to ten years. In the humanities, a major book publication may be a prerequisite for defense. The teaching ability of the habilitation candidate may also be evaluated. Whereas a PhD is sufficient qualification for a full university faculty position in many other countries, where in use, only the habilitation qualifies the holder to independently supervise doctoral candidates.〔(【引用サイトリンク】format=PDF )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】format=PDF )〕 ==Prevalence== Habilitation qualifications exist in France (''Habilitation à diriger des recherches'', "accreditation to supervise research", abbreviated HDR), Switzerland, Germany (Priv.-Doz. and/or Dr. habil.), Poland (dr hab., doktor habilitowany), Austria (formerly Univ.-Doz., now Priv.-Doz.), Egypt, Azhar (Ālemiyya), Denmark (Docent), Italy (Abilitazione scientifica nazionale, since 2012), Bulgaria, Portugal (Agregação), Romania (abilitare), the Czech Republic, Finland, Slovakia, Sweden (Docent), Hungary, Latvia (Dr. habil.), Slovenia, Greece (υφηγεσία, υφηγητής), Armenia, Azerbaijan, Lithuania (Habil. dr.), Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia (Doktor nauk). A similar concept known as Livre-docência exists in some private universities in Brazil, and in the three state universities of the state of São Paulo, where it is a pre-requisite of full professorship. In Spain it is called "acreditación"〔(See laws and regulations in the site of the Spanish National Agency for Habilitation )〕 and it is a requirement for access to some kinds of posts in state-owned universities. However, the Spanish "acreditación" is equivalent to the French "qualification" or to the Italian "abilitazione scientifica nazionale", which entail a similar process, and not to the habilitation in other countries, including France. Similarly, the so-called ''Libera docenza'' existed in Italy until 1970. The habilitation, derived from the Medieval Latin ''habilitare''—"make suitable, fit"—developed in the eighteenth century. The word ''habilitation'' can be used to describe the qualification or the process of earning it. It is sometimes incorrectly used to refer to the thesis written as part of that process. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Habilitation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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